INDUCIBLE DEFENSES AND TROPHIC STRUCTURE
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Evolution of inducible defenses
Predation is a major selective force structuring biological communities and causing the evolution of defenses in many prey organisms. While permanent defenses evolve under constant predation pressure, inducible defenses are adaptations to heterogeneity in predation risk [1] and likely evolved under divergent selection regimes. Costs for the production or maintenance of defenses are saved during...
متن کاملThe ecology and evolution of inducible defenses.
Inducible defenses are responses activated through a previous encounter with a consumer or competitor that confer some degree of resistance to subsequent attacks. While the importance of inducible resistance has long been known in host-parasite interactions, it is only recently that its importance has emerged in other natural systems. Although the structural defenses produced by invertebrates t...
متن کاملDensity-dependent adjustment of inducible defenses
Predation is a major factor driving evolution, and organisms have evolved adaptations increasing their survival chances. However, most defenses incur trade-offs between benefits and costs. Many organisms save costs by employing inducible defenses as responses to fluctuating predation risk. The level of defense often increases with predator densities. However, individual predation risk should no...
متن کاملInducible defenses in prey intensify predator cannibalism.
Trophic cascades are often a potent force in ecological communities, but abiotic and biotic heterogeneity can diffuse their influence. For example, inducible defenses in many species create variation in prey edibility, and size-structured interactions, such as cannibalism, can shift predator diets away from heterospecific prey. Although both factors diffuse cascade strength by adding heterogene...
متن کاملPaCS Is a Novel Cytoplasmic Structure Containing Functional Proteasome and Inducible by Cytokines/Trophic Factors
A variety of ubiquitinated protein-containing cytoplasmic structures has been reported, from aggresomes to aggresome-like induced structures/sequestosomes or particle-rich cytoplasmic structures (PaCSs) that we recently observed in some human diseases. Nevertheless, the morphological and cytochemical patterns of the different structures remain largely unknown thus jeopardizing their univocal id...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Ecology
سال: 2004
ISSN: 0012-9658
DOI: 10.1890/03-0670